Background: Different definitions have been used to measure functional dependency (FD) in Mexico. This study aims to explore if different definitions of FD lead to low consistency between the estimations of its prevalence. Accurate estimations of FD are useful to estimate the potential demand for long-term care (LTC) services in the country. Methods: A literature review including documents with estimations on the number or prevalence of dependents in Mexico with national representativeness between 2000 and 2019 was performed as well as estimations of different definitions of FD, using the National Study on Health and Aging in Mexico (ENASEM). Results: There is a lack of consensus on the definition of FD. Among the most frequently used terms to define FD are “, disability”,and “, dependency. ”,The heterogeneity of definitions results in a wide range of estimations of the demand for LTC. Methodological choices can lead to important differences in FD prevalence estimations. Results from ENASEM 2001 show that FD prevalence could range from 13% to 35% in people 60+,sex prevalences also vary when using different ways to measure FD. Conclusion: Besides the highlighted issues in calculating FD in the population, Mexico should consider broadening the assessment of FD, including people with dementia and younger populations. Although the literature search is not systematic, it helps exemplifying the current issues when measuring FD in Mexico. A consensual definition of dependency is required to have a more accurate estimated demand for LTC. Having good data sources is not enough when dissimilar estimations of an indicator like dependency result from the same study. Wide heterogeneity in estimations of dependency could be an obstacle to inform public policies during the construction of a care system in Mexico.

Introduction: The ethical dimensions of agriculture need to be explored, distinguishing between ethics in agriculture and ethics of agriculture. Ethics in agriculture is traditionally based on abstract moral theory, formulated through logical reasoning, but often found inadequate to address the complex ethical challenges within agriculture due to its abstract nature and lack of practical visibility. Conversely, ethics of agriculture is approached within a context-specific framework derived from the research topic with the aim of providing more tailored solutions. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is conducted, using a descriptive-analytical approach to provide a conceptual framework for understanding agricultural ethics. Conclusion: The article highlights the critical need for a comprehensive ethical framework to address the multifaceted ethical challenges in the agricultural sector. The importance of analyzing and resolving ethical dilemmas at all stages of agriculture is underscored in order to align practices with human ideals and to ensure ethical decision-making by stakeholders involved in agriculture.

The family has been one of the main institutions in every society and culture since ancient times, and no human civilization has been formed without this institution. In the Iranian society, the institution of the family has had and still has an irreplaceable place, but in the present era, due to value changes and the discovery of modern institutions or alternative methods, the institution of the family and its functions have been damaged, as a result of which many damages have been imposed on the society, so it is necessary to Rethinking the main functions of this institution and enumerating the issues burdened on these functions moved towards solving the damage caused in the society,Based on this, this article seeks to answer the question, what are the main functions and formulation of functional issues of the family institution? The main method of this research is based on the qualitative method, which used the method of interviewing experts in this field to collect data, and used thematic analysis method (thematic network) to analyze the data. The findings of the research show that the family institution has excellent functions, and the results of these functions lead to the main function of the family institution, which is civilization. The functional issues of the family are also summarized in 7 axes: marriage issue, educational issues and crises, social monitoring and control issue, identity issue, moral security issue, and population quantity issue, which in a conceptual model, if no suitable solution is adopted to control these issues, will lead to It leads to the collapse of the family and eventually the collapse of the society and the lack of formation of human civilization.

To investigate the response of corn to combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting, an experiment was conducted in 2017 at Research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Tehran University, Karaj, Iran, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Four nutritional treatments including T1 (Control treatment without applying fertilizer), T2 (Just PGPRs), T3 (Use chemical fertilizers based on soil test) and T4 (T3 + PGPRs) were considered. According to the results, the highest total dry weight (3.9 kg/m2), crop growth rate (79.8 g.m-2.day-1), net assimilation rate (15.3 g.m-2.day-1) and grain yield (18.2 ton.ha-1) were observed in T4 treatment and T2 treatment produced the highest  leaf area index (5.3), leaf area duration (205.2) and specific leaf weight (78.5 g.m-2) . Also, the lowest value of all traits was observed in in T1 (control) treatment. The results showed that the presence of rhizobacteria plant growth promotioninduction in the corn nutrition program increased the growth and growth indices of the plant. Combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting resulted in the highest growth and final grain yield of corn.

The ability of plant communities in natural ecosystems to modify temperature has become increasingly important due to the profound impacts of global climate change, particularly in arid regions. However, previous studies have provided limited information on the long-term temperature feedback of these plant communities and the biotic drivers behind these changes. This study aimed to determine the functional traits and types of plant communities as biotic drivers of land surface temperature (LST) at the plant community scale, with a focus on identifying co-functioning communities in the Sirjan region of Kerman Province. To achieve this, we utilized the MODIS-LST 8-day composite product at the plant community scale and measured functional traits of dominant species through field operations. The results revealed that leaf dry matter content (LDMC), maximum height (MH), and leaf width (LW) traits significantly reduce LST. Additionally, cluster analysis indicated that the plant communities in the study area can be classified into five functional groups, which fall into two co-function categories. The S-strategized co-function (e.g., 26 communities), characterized by high LDMC values and a combination of abrupt and trend feedback in LST, was found to be more effective than the R-strategized co-function (e.g., 13 communities), which exhibited only trend feedback. Therefore, it can be argued that extreme temperatures, as a global concern, can be mitigated through careful selection of vegetation based on functional traits and strategies. This approach, particularly through rangeland improvement practices using species such as Astragalus spachianus, Cornulaca monacantha, and Launaea acanthodes, could play a significant role in addressing this challenge.

The fifteenth century is unique in all aspects of Iran and Iranian life. The destructive Mongol invasion and its inauspicious effects showed the imprudence of the monarchic system and resulted in different reactions from the destitute against this most tragic of world events. This action and reaction brought about impressive social phenomena, some of which can be found within historical and literary texts of the period. The main subject of this research is to survey and analyze the effects of these phenomena in different aspects of Iranian life. The recognition of Iranian identity, and the expression and explanation of its components allow the new generation to watch their past clearly in the mirror of time and learn the lessons of history. The contents of the six sections of this paper deal with some of the social phenomena which should be analyzed and re-evaluated.